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Decussate: Arranged along the stem in pairs, with each pair at right angles to the pair above or below.* This Plectranthus shows a decussate leaf arrangement. *Harris, J.G., Harris, M.W. …

Phytotelma (plural: phytotelmata): A small, water-filled cavity in a tree or any similar environment, such as the axil of a bromeliad.* In nature, phytotelmata form important niche habitats for other flora and fauna. Some species …

Entomophily: The transfer of pollen by insects.* These salvias are a favourite of pollinating bees. Pollock, M., Griffiths, M. (2005). Illustrated dictionary of gardening. London: Dorling Kindersley.

Pyxis: A circumscissile capsule, the top coming off as a lid.* Above is an image of a ripe Portulaca pyxis. Circumscissile means that the capsule splits horizontally in a line …

Pseudanthium: A compact inflorescence of many small flowers which simulates a single flower.* While sunflowers look like one massive flower at the top of the stalk, they are actually composed …

Pappus: A modified calyx made up of a ring of fine hairs, scales, or teeth that persist after fertilization and aid the wind dispersal of the fruit, often by forming …

Gall: An abnormal growth or swelling in a plant. The formation of a gall may be induced by infection of the plant with bacteria or fungi, or by attack from …

Cupule: A cup-like sheath surrounding or enclosing certain fruits, e.g. the acorn of Quercus (Oaks).* The acorns on this English oak (Quercus robur) are maturing. The ‘caps’ at the top …